Posts Tagged ‘Baruch Spinoza’

Spinoza’s Panpsychism

What is to be understood here concerning the stone should be understood concerning any singular thing whatever, no matter how composite it is, and capable of doing a great many things: that each thing is necessarily determined by some external cause to exist and produce effects in a certain and determinate way.[1]   Panpsychism, the [...]


Spinoza’s Two Existences

Spinoza's Two Existences

Prima facie, proposition 2P7 in Spinoza’s Ethics presents the counter-intuitive claim that there can be no ideas without extended objects accompanying them. That is, ideas cannot exist without correlative bodies. However, Spinoza offers 2P8 to address the possibility of singular things that do not exist, while preserving his mind-body parallelism. 2P8 states: The ideas of [...]